Plasma Spraying and Electrochemical Deposition: Better Osteogenic Effects of Hydroxyapatite Coatings on 3D-Printed Titanium Scaffolds

Hydroxyapatite coatings on 3D-printed titanium scaffolds can perform very differently depending on whether plasma spraying or electrochemical deposition is used.

In orthopedic and dental applications, performance depends on interface behavior, mechanical stability, and long-term biological response.

For that reason, structure, coating quality, degradation behavior, and manufacturing consistency should be assessed together.